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29/07/2014 | Alone at the top

The Economist Staff

Germany has done much to atone for the past. Now it faces leadership, a greater burden

 

ALLEINSCHULD, the belief in “sole guilt” for one if not two world wars, has had an enduring impact on Germany’s public life. It explains why there is little commemoration of war dead, even for this week’s centenary of the outbreak of the Great War. The first Weltkrieg is regarded as the terrifying overture to the second. It also explains Germany’s attachment to pacifism and its reluctance to show the leadership that friends demand of Europe’s biggest economy. Over recent decades, Germany’s answer to Alleinschuld has been to concentrate on its economy and cover itself with the European flag.

“The Sleepwalkers”, a book by Christopher Clark an Australian-born historian at Britain’s Cambridge University, on the origins of the first world war, has been an unexpected success in Germany, partly because it reassesses the question of war guilt. “There is no smoking gun in this story; or, rather, there is one in the hands of every major character,” it concludes. “Viewed in this light, the outbreak of war was a tragedy, not a crime.” The point has been made by others, not least German writers. But in a country where guilt was branded most deeply on public consciousness by a German historian, Fritz Fischer, with his 1961 book “Griff nach der Weltmacht” (“Bid for World Power”), it takes a foreigner to try to efface it.

Europe in 1914 was a continent enjoying the fruits of the first burst of globalisation, similar in some ways to Europe in 2014, except that today no alliance blocs are at daggers drawn and no parvenu power is demanding a place in the sun. Germany is at peace, united and prosperous. Instead of being encircled by foes, it is surrounded by friends. Germany has become the European Union’s dominant force and, despite some grumbling, no other state seriously tries to counterbalance its power. Many old enemies, especially in central and eastern Europe, want closer ties.

And yet there is some foreboding that such bliss may not last. An ageing population will be a drag on growth. The euro crisis is in abeyance, not at an end. The European project faces a popular backlash. And although Germany’s neighbours are friends, they are surrounded by dictators and foes, and much violent instability from Ukraine to Gaza and beyond. Some Germans earnestly wonder whether they might again be drawn into war.

Frank-Walter Steinmeier, the German foreign minister, draws two lessons from 1914. One is the importance of the EU, which preserves the peace, manages disputes and ensures that countries live by the rule of law, not by the sword. Another is that Europe must not allow another failure of diplomacy in which escalation leads to catastrophe. In Ukraine, that means seeking a political deal with Russia. Even as sanctions increase, says Mr Steinmeier, Europe must always be prepared to “pull back”.

To some of Germany’s friends, such thinking stirs memories of the second world war. For America and Britain radical ethno-nationalism must be confronted firmly, not appeased as Chamberlain did with Hitler in Munich in 1938; for Poland and the Baltic states, deals with Russia raise fears of betrayal, akin to the Molotov-Ribbentrop pact that carved up eastern Europe in 1939.

The new German question

European integration has been, at its heart, an attempt to deal with the age-old German question: tame German power and harness it to propel Europe’s economy. For decades Germany willingly sat in the engine-room, and France in the driving seat. Such roles were bound to change with the unification of Germany in 1990. Yet the transformation, when it came, took place surprisingly fast.

The euro, far from tying Germany down, hastened its rise. Having lived through the hyperinflation of 1923 Germany long maintained a strong currency and low inflation, so it knows better than many others how to preserve its competitiveness within the euro zone. When the euro zone’s debt crisis erupted in full in 2010, Germany had the deepest pockets, and could therefore set the terms for bail-outs and reform.

Another reason Germany stands out is that it has no real partners: France is politically paralysed, Britain is walking away and Italy is overburdened by debt. It helps that in Angela Merkel, Germany has a respected chancellor. There is a general acquiescence in German power that has much to do with the fact that it is unthreatening; Germany’s hegemony was, for the most part, undesired and something of a surprise to Germans themselves.

For this columnist, preparing to leave Brussels after chronicling Europe’s woes for four years, and having criticised Germany’s mistakes (for instance, in pushing austerity too hard), it is hard not to admire its industriousness, its readiness to examine its soul and its quest for consensus. On the streets of Berlin, the sight of Stolpersteine, the discreet little brass cobbles at the entrance to buildings, bearing the names of former residents killed by the Nazis, is among the most powerful gestures of remembrance and contrition.

Reluctantly, Germany in Europe has become a bit like America in the world, the indispensable power. It is too big, too successful, to be left on the sidelines. The danger of Russia must be confronted. The euro zone must not be left to fester, and the EU must be reformed so it does not break up. The relationship with America must be prevented from fraying over allegations of spying, and rekindled with a big trade deal.

Having acknowledged its guilt for past aggression, Germany is in danger of committing the opposite sin, inaction. Peace is not just the absence of war, but the defence of hard-won freedom. Many of those who call for “normalisation” argue that Germany must assert its interests. Actually, the burden is even greater: it now has to pursue the interests of all of Europe.

The Economist (Reino Unido)

 



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03/01/2010|
17/12/2009|
15/12/2009|
15/12/2009|
13/12/2009|
13/12/2009|
28/11/2009|
28/11/2009|
28/11/2009|
28/11/2009|
27/11/2009|
27/11/2009|
27/11/2009|
27/11/2009|
27/11/2009|
27/11/2009|
21/11/2009|
21/11/2009|
18/11/2009|
18/11/2009|
16/11/2009|
16/11/2009|
30/10/2009|
30/10/2009|
11/10/2009|
10/10/2009|
10/10/2009|
07/10/2009|
07/10/2009|
04/10/2009|
30/09/2009|
30/09/2009|
27/09/2009|
27/09/2009|
27/09/2009|
22/09/2009|
20/09/2009|
18/09/2009|
18/09/2009|
18/09/2009|
16/09/2009|
16/09/2009|
16/09/2009|
08/09/2009|
07/09/2009|
06/09/2009|
06/09/2009|
05/09/2009|
05/09/2009|
26/08/2009|
21/08/2009|
19/08/2009|
19/08/2009|
15/08/2009|
15/08/2009|
15/08/2009|
11/08/2009|
11/08/2009|
11/08/2009|
11/08/2009|
19/07/2009|
19/07/2009|
18/07/2009|
18/07/2009|
27/03/2009|
22/03/2009|
22/03/2009|
27/01/2009|
27/01/2009|
27/01/2009|
17/01/2009|
17/01/2009|
17/01/2009|
17/01/2009|
17/01/2009|
17/01/2009|
11/01/2009|
06/12/2008|
06/12/2008|
06/12/2008|
06/12/2008|
23/11/2008|
23/11/2008|
16/11/2008|
16/11/2008|
04/11/2008|
04/11/2008|
03/11/2008|
03/11/2008|
24/10/2008|
24/10/2008|
24/10/2008|
24/10/2008|
15/09/2008|
15/09/2008|
15/09/2008|
15/09/2008|
15/09/2008|
15/09/2008|
06/09/2008|
06/09/2008|
05/09/2008|
05/09/2008|
05/09/2008|
05/09/2008|
01/09/2008|
01/09/2008|
01/09/2008|
01/09/2008|
22/08/2008|
22/08/2008|
17/08/2008|
17/08/2008|
16/08/2008|
16/08/2008|
28/07/2008|
28/07/2008|
28/07/2008|
28/07/2008|
28/07/2008|
28/07/2008|
19/07/2008|
19/07/2008|
24/05/2008|
24/05/2008|
03/05/2008|
03/05/2008|
29/04/2008|
11/02/2008|
05/01/2008|
09/12/2007|
18/11/2007|
10/11/2007|
10/11/2007|
06/11/2007|
06/11/2007|
06/09/2007|
26/08/2007|
25/08/2007|
11/07/2007|
16/06/2007|
16/06/2007|
10/06/2007|
10/06/2007|
19/05/2007|
19/05/2007|
19/05/2007|
19/05/2007|
24/04/2007|
24/04/2007|
14/04/2007|
14/04/2007|
05/04/2007|
05/04/2007|
05/04/2007|
28/02/2007|
28/02/2007|
05/02/2007|
05/02/2007|
04/02/2007|
04/02/2007|
04/02/2007|
04/02/2007|
04/02/2007|
04/02/2007|
29/01/2007|
29/01/2007|
29/01/2007|
29/01/2007|
11/01/2007|
11/01/2007|
11/01/2007|
11/01/2007|
27/12/2006|
27/12/2006|
27/12/2006|
27/12/2006|
27/12/2006|
27/12/2006|
20/12/2006|
20/12/2006|
17/11/2006|
30/09/2006|
28/07/2006|
12/04/2006|
12/04/2006|
12/04/2006|
06/03/2006|
21/02/2006|
17/02/2006|
31/01/2006|
10/01/2006|
28/12/2005|
31/10/2005|
26/09/2005|
29/08/2005|
11/08/2005|
08/08/2005|
24/06/2005|
24/06/2005|
24/06/2005|
03/04/2005|
03/04/2005|
03/04/2005|
03/04/2005|

ver + notas
 
Center for the Study of the Presidency
Freedom House