In Panama, federal police arrested 12 people connected to the same network, local authorities said.

The number of migrants crossing the region to reach the United States has grown in recent years, stoking tensions between the Trump administration and Mexico and Central America.

Stephen Madden, deputy director of Costa Rica’s migration police, said the criminal network charged between $7,000 and $20,000 to transport each migrant.

The ring moved individuals from various Asian and African countries, as well as from Cuba and Haiti, he added.

Panama said its crackdown involved 24 operatives from the prosecutor’s office and over 50 federal police officers. On Twitter, the Panamanian attorney general’s office said migrants were paying smugglers $1,500 or more to pass through Panama.

Costa Rican officials have documented 249 migrants who had been transported by the smuggling ring, but “there have been many more,” Mr. Madden said.

Leaders of the network included a Costa Rican man working in the health ministry and two Nicaraguan women, Mr. Madden said in a joint news conference with Costa Rican prosecutors.

One of the women, nicknamed “Mama Africa,” coordinated an underground housing network for migrants in La Cruz, in the Guanacaste province of Costa Rica that borders Nicaragua, he said.

According to a Costa Rican police report, the investigation opened in 2018. It discovered two routes used by the network: one by land, and another by sea to Honduras, via the northern port of Puerto Soley.

The report said migrants were then picked up by other organizations in Guatemala to cross into Mexico and travel as far as the southern border of the United States.