The western African states have said clearly they do not have the naval, coast guard or customs resources to deal with the piracy evident in the Gulf of Guinea. Further, they do not say, but it is clear, they do not have the money to do it.
Piracy is now confined to one
principal area. But piracy is similar to blood—a little spilled goes a long
way. Piracy will spread elsewhere when and if strong emphasis is put on the
Gulf of Guinea.
Let us look at the hard facts in
this hard business. Here is the seagoing manpower for each state and the
vessels available from north to south, as well as their populations and GDPs.
Taken together these statements are probably fairly truthful. Third party
reports confirm this about uniformed persons and equipment, GDPs and
populations.
Morocco: 42,000
uniformed persons, 22 offshore patrol boats, six frigates, one corvette;
Western Sahara:
none;Mauritania: 620 uniformed persons, ten patrol and coastal craft;
Senegal: 600
uniformed persons, three flotillas of vessels and craft said to be capable on
the high seas as fast coastal patrol and surveillance and naval support;
Gambia: various
older Chinese craft and small ships;
Guinea Bissau: none
operational;
Guinea: 900
uniformed persons, several small patrol craft;
Sierra Leone: 500
uniformed persons, Type 62 FAC-7, three LSU;
Liberia: six to 10 small patrol
craft;
Cote d'Ivoire: 900
uniformed persons, 30 patrol craft in various classes;
Ghana: 5,000 uniformed persons, 30
assorted patrol craft;
Togo: two patrol boats;
Benin: 200 uniformed persons, one OSA
missile craft;
Nigeria: 7,000 uniformed persons,
13 HAM fast-attack, 34 inshore patrol boats;
Cameroon: 1,300 uniformed persons,
two coastal combatants, 40 patrol craft;
Equatorial Guinea: nine of
various classes;
Gabon: 500 uniformed persons, one
fast-attack and eight patrol craft;
Republic of Congo: 1,000
uniformed persons, eight patrol craft;
Angola: 2,000 uniformed persons, 12
missile and torpedo craft, 27 inland and coastal patrol craft, 15 amphibious
craft.
There we have it. There are perhaps 300 craft and ships. Good
sources suggest that there is perhaps 50 percent operational capability in the
lot. Thus, 150 craft and ships remain. Further, many are perhaps not useful for
suppressing the kind of piracy evident in the Gulf of Guinea, say 75 percent --
thus, 37 to 40 perhaps are useful and ready.
It is clear that the western African states are not naval
powers.
There are maybe 75,000 uniformed persons. Of these 75 percent
are land forces. Read it and be afraid of piracy in western African water.
The total population is some 387,000,000 persons. The combined
GDP is, in US Dollars, $558 billion (2012). The GDP of California was $1.9
trillion in 2010. Read this and be sad about western African people. The GPD
per capita per month is $120 – the cost of an unpalatable dinner for one in a
mediocre Manhattan hotel dining room. Read this and feel queasy about western
African existence.
Even if the western African states could agree to combined
operations or even coordinated operations—things not seen heretofore in
polarized and politicized Africa – what is left, other than words to suppress
piracy, is sad in the most liberal estimates. Read this and be resigned about
western Africa politics.
The craft and ships and persons available have other established
missions such as fisheries and customs duties, as well as national security
defenses. The coastline from the northern border of Morocco to the southern
border of Angola is approximately 4,650 miles—depending on who is measuring.
Assuming UNCLOS jurisdictional waters, this area comprises some 2.1 million
square miles to mind. This is for some 40 craft and ships. That means each is
responsible for an area 54,000 square miles or a box of 735 miles per side.
That is neither practicable nor effective. Pirates are not very careful about
UNCLOS limits. Pirates are opportunists who operate where naval forces do not
operate. Getting caught makes for a bad day for a pirate. The odds are there
will be few bad days for pirates in western Africa. One may be challenged or
one may retreat from these realities in western Africa.
Remember that the traffic for VLCCs and ULCCs from the Cape of
Good Hope to Europe is vulnerable in addition to the container vessels calling
west Africa and vice versa for each. Then there are the fishing vessels and the
smaller coastal ships and older break- bulk ships and ore carriers. Navigation
and protection areas aside, forces otherwise uninformed go where the pirates
were last. The barn door is thereby shut firmly after the horse is out.
It is unclear that the western African states have the kinds of
surveillance equipment or intelligence capabilities required for the mission to
be successful. Those things are expensive, as is the training to use them.
Indeed, for many states—not just in western African—they are merely glints in
the eyes of their naval commanders.
Then there are small arms however you choose to define them. The
customs rules are strict and strictly enforced. Destabilization is always a
fear. After all, what would a good coup be without some gunshots?
Looking at the GDPs of the Western Africa states and their
demographics, politics and fears, it is clear that they collectively simply
cannot afford to have naval, coast guard and customs forces ready and capable
of dealing with pirates. The collective will of western
Africa does and will have a great difficulty in putting the
common good ahead of state politics. Western Africa needs industrialized state
help to deal effectively with these criminals.
The facts do not offer a great deal of hope or assistance from
those in the general neighborhood of western African piracy.
_________________________________________________
John A C Cartner (MS, MBA, LLM, PhD, Master Mariner) practices
maritime and international law in Washington, D.C. and London.
© John A C Cartner 2013, all rights reserved; "Fending Off
Pirates" may be copied and distributed with attribution to John A. C.
Cartner and Piracy Daily.
The opinions expressed herein are solely those of the author. Grateful
acknowledgement to William H. Mosier.